Timbre is based on the waveform. It is made up of the fundamental, which is the main note that you hear, and then you have upper and lower harmonics which is what determines the timbre of the instrument. I know of no way that you that one can alter the harmonic information that an instrument produces. You can however, using EQ, boost certain frequencies. For instance, if you boost 440 Hz on an EQ, you will be boosting the frequency perceived as the note A. Now, if you play an A chord, the fundamental "A" will be louder. The same goes with an F major chord, or D minor, because there is an A in each of those chords. If you play a note that has an A for a harmonic, it will amplify that as well. However, an EQ is fixed in that it will only change the timbre based on what frequencies you boost and cut, not the fundemental. In order to achieve what you are describing, this device would have to boost the upper harmonics based on the fundemental. A pitchshifter might "simulate" what you looking for.
For example, an Eventide Harmonizer synthesizes pitches based on the fundemental. However, the resulting timbre tends to be a lot less subtle than an instrument's actual timbre because the harmonics are synthesized.
It by no means sounds natural. Distortion is another effect that alters timbre in that it boosts the harmonics. As far as trying to make you guitar sound like another instrument, your best bet is synthesis or sampling via midi.
I hope this has been helpful, keep researching. There is endless information
on the interenet, so keep looking. Good Luck!
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